Questão de Direito Constitucional

UN announces program to help hunger hot spots. A UN agency rolled out a $ 214 million program Tuesday to help 16 needy places hit hard by high prices for food and oil, amid a crisis already making it hard for aid groups to provide enough food for the world’s hungry. The World Food Program said almost 1 billion poor people around the world are struggling to survive amid the higher prices. The agency is trying to reach those in critical need of assistance in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. “Food prices are not abating, and the world’s most vulnerable have exhausted their coping strategies”, said Josette Sheeran, the agency’s executive director. “Our action plan is targeted and customized to help the most vulnerable meet their urgent needs.” The plan will provide assistance to groups such as pregnant women, undernourished children and people living in urban areas affected most by the food crisis. The Rome-based agency also hopes to cut transportation costs and help support farmers in countries where emergency food can be bought locally. But the agency already faces “obstacles” in procuring food, particularly when trying to buy supplies locally, spokeswoman Brenda Barton said. “At the markets we have been buying food it has become just too expensive”, Barton told The Associated Press by telephone. And she added: “a lot of markets just don’t have any food to buy.” Internet: <www.com/?nid=105&sid=1458082ap.google.com> (adapted).

Nos itens de 126 a 150, a seguir, são avaliados conhecimentos em língua inglesa. 1 The human cost of terrorism has been felt in virtually every corner of the globe. The United Nations family has itself suffered tragic human loss as a result of 4 violent terrorist acts. The attack on its offices in Baghdad on 19 August 2003 claimed the lives of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Sergio Vieira de 7 Mello, and 21 other men and women, and injured over 150 others, some very seriously. Terrorism clearly has a very real and direct impact on human rights, with devastating 10 consequences for the enjoyment of the right to life, liberty and physical integrity of victims. In addition to these individual costs, terrorism can destabilize governments, 13 undermine civil society, jeopardize peace and security, and threaten social and economic development. All of these also have a real impact on the enjoyment of human rights. 16 Security of the individual is a basic human right and the protection of individuals is, accordingly, a fundamental obligation of government. States therefore have an obligation 19 to ensure the human rights of their nationals and others by taking positive measures to protect them against the threat of terrorist acts and bringing the perpetrators of such acts to 22 justice. In recent years, however, the measures adopted by States to counter terrorism have themselves often posed 25 serious challenges to human rights and the rule of law. Some States have engaged in torture and other ill-treatment to counter terrorism, while the legal and practical safeguards 28 available to prevent torture, such as regular and independent monitoring of detention centres have often been disregarded. Internet: <www.ohchr.org> (adapted). According to the text above, judge the following items. 126 There is no place whatsoever the world over where expenses with terrorism are not to be felt. 127 The United Nations is an international organisation universally respected for its role as a peace maker. 128 Twenty two people were killed in a terrorist assault in Baghdad. 129 The sentence “Terrorism (...) has (...) devastating consequences for the enjoyment of the right to life” (R.8-10) means the same as Terrorism (...) has (...) a devastating impact on people’s way of life. 130 Terrorism can bring about both individual and social costs. 131 Security and protection of individuals can be considered basic human rights and essential duty of governments. 132 Not only terrorism but also anti-terrorism have used questionable methods to reach their goals. 133 Counter-terrorism can count on legal support to engage in torture. 134 The pronoun “them” (R.20) refers to “the human rights of their nationals and others” (R.19). UN announces program to help hunger hot spots A UN agency rolled out a $ 214 million program Tuesday to help 16 needy places hit hard by high prices for food and oil, amid a crisis already making it hard for aid groups to provide enough food for the world’s hungry. The World Food Program said almost 1 billion poor people around the world are struggling to survive amid the higher prices. The agency is trying to reach those in critical need of assistance in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. “Food prices are not abating, and the world’s most vulnerable have exhausted their coping strategies”, said Josette Sheeran, the agency’s executive director. “Our action plan is targeted and customized to help the most vulnerable meet their urgent needs.” The plan will provide assistance to groups such as pregnant women, undernourished children and people living in urban areas affected most by the food crisis. The Rome-based agency also hopes to cut transportation costs and help support farmers in countries where emergency food can be bought locally. But the agency already faces “obstacles” in procuring food, particularly when trying to buy supplies locally, spokeswoman Brenda Barton said. “At the markets we have been buying food it has become just too expensive”, Barton told The Associated Press by telephone. And she added: “a lot of markets just don’t have any food to buy.” Internet: <www.com/?nid=105&sid=1458082ap.google.com> (adapted). Based on the text above, it can be deduced that 135 a United Nations agency hit hard some needy people. 136 it is difficult to control the starvation the world is facing. 137 the World Food Program stated that billions of people all over the world are finding it hard to survive due to high prices. 138 the World Food Program is attempting to help needy people who are spread over three continents. 139 Josette Sheeran says that they have now succeeded in feeding the most deprived people. 140 at least three groups of people are the present target for food supply by the UN agency mentioned in the text. 141 farmers may take part in the emergency food program. 142 local provisions of food are particularly easy to find. This text refers to items from 143 through 150. Which has more Islamist terrorism, Europe or America? 1 “Since 9/11, there have been over 2,300 arrests connected to Islamist terrorism in Europe in contrast to about 60 in the United States.” Thus writes Marc Sageman in his 4 influential new book, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (University of Pennsylvania Press). 7 This one statistical comparison inspires Sageman, in a chapter he calls The Atlantic Divide, to draw sweeping conclusions about the superior circumstances of American Muslims. “The rate of arrests on terrorism charges per capita 10 among Muslims is six times higher in Europe than in the United States.” The reason for this discrepancy, he argues, 13 “lies in the differences in the extent to which these respective Muslim communities are radicalized.” He praises “American cultural exceptionalism”, admonishes European governments 16 “to avoid committing mistakes that risk the loss of good will in the Muslim community,” and urges Europeans to learn from Americans. 19 Sageman’s argument rehashes what Spencer Ackerman wrote in a New Republic cover story of late 2005, when he found that “Europe’s growing Muslim culture of 22 alienation, marginalization, and jihad isn’t taking root” in the United States. But Sageman’s entire case is premised on the 25 figures of 2,300 and 60 arrests. Aside from possible other causal explanations for these differences, such as the European legal system permitting more latitude to make 28 terrorism-related arrests, are those figures even correct? He supports them with only a brief, vague footnote: “Updating Eggen and Tate, 2005; Lustick 2006: 151-52 agrees with this 31 estimate.” Here, “Eggen and Tate, 2005” refers to a two-part newspaper article and “Lustick 2006” sources a discredited extremist screed. Internet: <www.danielpipes.org> (adapted). From the text, it can be inferred that 143 Sageman’s figures are considered to be very accurate and show exactly the far superior number of terrorists arrested in Europe when compared to the American ones. 144 Sageman became a notorious writer thanks to his new book. 145 “The Atlantic Divide” presents well established conclusions about the superiority of American Muslims. 146 Sageman believes the proportion of people who are imprisoned for Islamist terrorism is lower in the United States than in Europe. 147 Sageman believes that, in dealing with terrorism, America is in a better position than Europe. 148 Sageman uses the strategy of mentioning other authors to support his estimates. 149 the Muslim community in America is bigger than that of Europe. In the text, 150 “Aside from” (R.24) is the same as at the side of.