Questão de Língua Inglesa

Texto 1 Horizontal Perspective of Shared Leadership PARÁGRAFO 1 (1) The primary facets of these transformations include globalization, information technology, and devolution (2) However, the practice of the hierarchical approach of leadership is somewhat unworkable in a rapidly changing society (Denhardt & Denhardt, 2003; Kouzes & Posner, 1996; Raelin, 2003) (3) Presidents, governors, mayors, and public managers are properly conceived of as leaders in public organizations because they are top executives and administrators who control, command, and direct public employees. (4) As organizations struggle to adapt to increasingly dynamic, complex, and uncertain environments, significant transformations are taking place in daily work (Luthans, 1998). (5) Organizational hierarchy constitutes the social structure for a superior-subordinate role relationship that shapes hierarchically-oriented perceptions about leadership. (6) During the last decades, researchers have become increasingly less accepting of the notion that leadership within organizations stems only from individuals in a hierarchical process. (7) Until presently, the study of leadership in public administration has typically focused on the leadership behavior of chief executives, public administrators, and public managers (Crosby, 1999).