Questão de Língua Espanhola

) CONTINUA 5 What are the best jobs of 2008? If you’re job hunting in the professional or serviceoriented fields, we have good news. Of the ten categories into which the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) divides jobs, the “professional” and “service” categories — already 5 the two largest in the economy — will boast the most job openings in 2008. In the next decade, 17 percent more employees will be employed in these two categories than are today, nearly double the expansion of other categories. With an increase in demand, professional and service 1 0 jobs, which include professions like educator, scientist, health care worker and artist in the “professional” category, and police officer, child caretaker and cosmetologist in the “service” category, will also add roughly a million new jobs to the economy. By comparison, other categories 1 5 such as construction, sales and administration, are predicted to grow by only 10 percent; all eight other occupational groups combined will add only about half a million jobs to the economy in 2008. But wait a second: Aren’t we heading for recession? 2 0 Where are all these open jobs coming from? While new jobs are being created, they don’t represent the majority of the open positions workers will see this year. Career switching and baby-boomer retirement will create a higher turnover than ever, which will continue to increase the 2 5 supply of jobs available. The Bureau of Labor Statistics notes that while a slightly expanding economy is spurring job growth in a majority of fields, “the need to replace workers who leave a field permanently is expected to create more openings than growth will.” 3 0 According to Chris Higgins, Senior Associate Director of Career Management at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, the retirement boom has increased students’ interest in general management rotation programs, introduced by many companies to prevent the loss of a record number of retirees. He notes that 3 5 companies are using these rotation programs as a way of “fast-tracking” replacements in management, and students are using them as a way of getting a taste for different departments and niches within a company. “It turns out to 4 0 benefit the employers as well as the employees,” observes Higgins. If you’re job searching in certain occupational groups — namely farming, production, or transportation — you’re looking at slow or negative growth and poor job availability. 4 5 Peer occupational groups, however, are hiring at a brisker pace: construction, administration, and maintenance and repair are all groups that are experiencing healthy growth or job availability. On the other hand, if you’re looking in the white-collar realm, you’re better set for 2008; both 5 0 growth and availability are predicted to be healthy for the foreseeable future. Within the “professional” rubric, three particular sectors are displaying the most aggressive growth rates: computer/ mathematical, community/social service, and health 5 5 practices jobs are each projected to grow by more than 20 percent in the next decade, with education/library jobs following at 14 percent. That means that if you’re an aspiring teacher or health worker, you won’t be looking for jobs — the jobs will be looking for you. 6 0 While computer and mathematical science jobs are projected to grow at nearly double the rate of other types of jobs, growth in this demographic has actually slowed in the last decade “as the software industry matures and as routine work is increasingly outsourced abroad,” says 6 5 the BLS. There’s still healthy hiring here, however, and some experts are saying computer science jobs will be in increasing demand. “Tech firms are picking up hiring again,” Higgins notes, “in a way they haven’t in nearly a decade.” Companies like Google are hiring online sales, 7 0 operations, and Internet services employees in droves. In short, computer and mathematical experts continue to be a sought-after demographic. They may not see the same demand that educators and health professionals are enjoying anytime soon, but it may not be long before 7 5 the tech industry reaches 90s-level hiring and growth once again. By Chris Dannen. Portfolio.com updated 5:22 p.m. ET Feb. 22, 2008. 21 The main purpose of this text is to (A) point out the most promising careers in the near future. (B) discuss the growth of the economy in the technical sector only. (C) advise companies to implement rotation programs for students. (D) criticize new college programs that train professionals for the new markets. (E) warn against the negative health effects of early retirement for baby-boomers. 22 The fragment “But wait a second: Aren’t we heading for recession?” (line 19) reveals an attitude of (A) anger and shock. (B) surprise and irony. (C) resignation and hope. (D) refusal and complaint. (E) indifference and submission. 23 In lines 20-29, Chris Dannen, the author of the text, states that the new job openings available are a result of I - people moving into other careers or occupations; II - the implementation of new professional positions; III - women who leave their jobs to take care of their babies; IV - the retirement of the workers who have reached their 60s. The ONLY correct statement(s) is(are) (A) III. (B) I and III. (C) III and IV. (D) I, II and IV. (E) II, III and IV. 6 24 According to Paragraph 4 (lines 30-41), why are rotation programs beneficial to the companies that implement them? (A) Such programs help managers learn more about the companies before they retire. (B) Employees are switching to and from different departments in order to find the one that pays best. (C) Most retirees are interested in going back to work in their companies to prevent financial losses. (D) The companies need to increase the supply of jobs available and, therefore, implement rotating shifts for employees. (E) It is a way to train college students in different areas in the company and train professionals who will be able to replace the retiring managers. 25 Which of the following occupations are NOT seen as promising? (A) Teaching, child caretaker and police officer. (B) Health care jobs and community social service. (C) Cosmetologist, computer science specialist and librarian. (D) Farming, positions in the transport or production industry. (E) Business administration, technical maintenance or repair. 26 Check the option that contains a correct correspondence of meaning. (A) “roughly” (line 13) and approximately are antonyms. (B) “spurring” (line 26) and preventing are synonyms. (C) “replacements” (line 37) and substitutions have the same meaning. (D) “brisker” (line 45) could not be substituted by quicker. (E) “displaying” (line 53) and showing express contrasting ideas. 27 “…if you’re an aspiring teacher or health worker, you won’t be looking for jobs – the jobs will be looking for you.” (lines 57- 59) implies that (A) employers will be seeking for teachers to work in healthrelated jobs. (B) employers are expected to hire fewer teachers and health workers than they do nowadays. (C) there will be plenty of job positions available for teachers and health workers. (D) it will not be easy to find a position as a teacher or health worker in the near future. (E) only teachers and health workers will need to find new jobs in other fields. 28 In terms of reference, it is correct to affirm that (A) “17 percent more employees...” (lines 6-7) refers to employees in the construction, sales and administration categories. (B) “nearly double the expansion...” (line 8) refers to the expansion of the professional and service categories. (C) “are predicted to grow by only 10 percent;” (lines 15-16) refers to the growth of jobs in all eight other occupational groups. (D) “...14 percent.” (line 57) refers to estimated increase of community and social service jobs. (E) “...nearly double the rate of other types of jobs,” (lines 61-62) refers to the predicted growth of educational and library jobs. 29 Check the item where there is a correct correspondence between the boldfaced word(s) and the idea in italics. (A) “If you’re job hunting in the professional or service-oriented fields, we have good news.” (lines 1-2) – consequence. (B) “While new jobs are being created, they don’t represent the majority of the open positions workers will see this year.” (lines 20-22) – exemplification. (C) “Peer occupational groups, however, are hiring at a brisker pace:” (lines 45-46) – addition. (D) “On the other hand, if you’re looking in the white-collar realm, you’re better set for 2008;” (lines 48-49) – condition (E) “In short, computer and mathematical experts continue to be a sought-after demographic.” (lines 70-72) - concluding summary. 30 According to the last paragraph in the text, which statement is true about the IT (Information Technology) job market? (A) Computer science jobs will only be available for healthy professionals. (B) Tech firms are on their way to show the same employment rates of the 90s. (C) Companies such as Google are significantly cutting down their regular labor force in different areas. (D) The BLS states that the software industry has eliminated job reduction in the previous decade because of the tendency to outsource abroad. (E) The IT industry has matured and suffered a slower growth rate in hiring during the last decade and this is not expected to change in 2008. 7 Estilo casual La tendencia se afirma en las oficinas, pero con reglas La moda informal gana seguidores en las oficinas. Una tendencia que comenzó en Estados Unidos a fines de la década del 90 de la mano de las puntocom, y que hace un par de años se instaló definitivamente en la Argentina. 5 “Fue un estilo que se puso de manifiesto en las compañías dedicadas a la tecnología, que privilegiaron la comodidad para enfrentar las presiones laborales y la gran cantidad de horas de trabajo”, dice Gisella Gulli, asesora de imagen y fundadora junto a María Pínola de la agencia Making Of, 1 0 empresa dedicada al asesoramiento de imagen. Bill Gates, fundador de Microsoft, y Steve Jobs, presidente de Apple, se convirtieron involuntariamente en iconos de este nuevo vestir, alejado del traje y la corbata. A ellos, años más tarde, se sumaron los jóvenes empresarios 1 5 surgidos de esa generación, que trasladaron esa filosofía del vestir a sus propios emprendimientos. El nuevo estilo se impuso poco a poco en otras empresas multinacionales y bancos nacionales e internacionales. “Así establecieron el código casual friday -dice la asesora 2 0 de imagen Josefina Posse-. Una forma de darles a sus empleados libertad y cierto relax a la hora de comenzar el fin de semana, un anticipo del bienestar que vendrá “. Así lo confirma Santiago Batlle, director de recursos humanos de Standard Bank Argentina: “En este banco se 2 5 inició tímidamente hace ocho años con una propuesta llamada Viernes sport , que permitió reconfirmar los viernes como el mejor día de la semana, pero actualmente el uso de vestimenta sport está permitido todos los días del año”. El rubro tarjetas de crédito también se subió a esta nueva 3 0 tendencia, como es el caso de American Express. Así lo afirma Sergio Sosa, director de recursos humanos. “Desde 1999 se implementa la política del casual day every day , con un claro objetivo: enfatizar el concepto the best place to work, a través del cual se brinda a los empleados 3 5 un entorno de informalidad y comodidad en cuanto a la indumentaria que pueden usar durante todo el año”. En esa misma sintonía, la empresa Coca-Cola hizo lo suyo: “Nos alineamos a las tendencias del momento, y con la búsqueda de una mayor flexibilidad y dinamismo 4 0 en nuestra cultura organizacional”, destaca Silvina Kippke, gerente de compensaciones y beneficios y HR business partner de la marca de gaseosa. Para evitar lo sucedido en Estados Unidos (donde al comienzo los empleados se extralimitaban en el vestuario, 4 5 usando bermudas y ojotas, los hombres, y microminis y escotes pronunciados, las mujeres), las empresas establecieron límites. “Es algo que está muy regulado -dice Alejo Estebecorena, de la firma de diseño masculino más personal Hermanos 5 0 Estebecorena-. Hay memos internos en los que figuran lo que está permitido (como remeras tipo polo) y lo prohíbido (bermudas y jeans). De algún modo es un nuevo uniforme”. Kippke agrega: “En realidad, lo que se pide es discreción, y tomar como base el papel y el tipo de interacción, de 5 5 manera de evitar prendas que puedan incomodar a otras personas. Por eso recomendamos un elegante sport”. Hay otras restricciones. Tanto American Express Argentina como Standard Bank reconocen que esta política no se aplica a empleados que tienen contacto con el público 6 0 en forma personalizada ni para los que deban mantener alguna reunión de trabajo importante con profesionales de otras empresas. “Porque en esos casos están representando a la compañía”, explica Batlle. Cómo mostrarse 6 5 Lejos de solucionar un problema, para muchos esta nueva moda sumó una preocupación a sus vidas y un nuevo interrogante: ¿Qué me pongo hoy? “El traje y la corbata es un uniforme que no permite pensar ni proponer nada -dice Estebecorena-. Por eso, este 7 0 paso de moda formal a informal hizo que al principio la comodidad pasara a segundo plano. Ahora el problema es saber cómo mostrarse.” El sastre Alfredo Marino coincide con Estebecorena y agrega: “Vestir casual exige un mínimo de sensibilidad, saber elegir las prendas, las tex- 7 5 turas y sus combinaciones”. Esto llevó a que muchos clientes se acercaran en busca de asesoramiento. “Me preguntaban: ¿Cómo hago para no parecer un payaso? “, comenta el Estebecorena. Algo parecido sucedió en Mc Taylor, así lo cuenta Germán 8 0 Fernández, CEO de la firma. “El cliente buscaba los consejos de nuestros asesores de moda, y justamente por escucharlos e interpretar sus necesidades creamos una línea sport metropolitana o urbana, más fresca que el traje tradicional, pero poniendo foco en la elegancia que implica la acertada combinación de saco sport, camisa - 8 5 abierta, aunque no tanto, claro-, pantalón y calzado de diseño al tono”. Juan José Bertolino, hijo de un sastre y creador de Pato Pampa, marca de ropa masculina que, como él sostiene, 9 0 “interpreta al nuevo hombre urbano”, notó otro fenómeno. “En este período, aumentaron notablemente los clientes y se dedican a casi todas las profesiones. El cambio más importante es que los industriales y comerciantes dejaron de lado la corbata”. 9 5 Sentido común + ideas Las mujeres no quedaron fuera de esta nueva preocupación al momento de vestirse para ir a trabajar. “El típico traje de falda o pantalón más blazer es una tendencia que está desapareciendo, y justamente el 90 por ciento de las 100 mujeres que asiste a Making Of es para saber cómo deshacerse de ese look y crear algo que parezca formal, pero que sea desestructurado.” Como sostiene la asesora de imagen Claudia Servino, una regla es indispensable: “Hay que saber que los límites 105 entre lo que es y no es equivocado también los impone la mirada de los demás. Lo esencial es no dejar de ser uno mismo, pero adecuándose a ciertas reglas de vestimenta esenciales para un trabajo. Y, por supuesto, adaptarse a cada ambiente. No es lo mismo trabajar en una agencia 110 de diseño gráfico que en una oficina de la Corte Suprema”. Sentido común y creatividad, una combinación necesaria también para equipos acertados. Disponível em: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/Edicion Impresa/ suplementos/modaybelleza (acessado em 13 mar. 2008) 8