Questão de Língua Inglesa

Texto 1 Aunque pueda parecer un mito, diversos estudios han sugerido que las diferentes fases que atraviesa la luna pueden alterar nuestro descanso. La iluminación es un elemento clave para entender por qué nuestro sueño se ve afectado por este satélite. Alicia Cruz Acal - Actualizado a: Jueves, 9 junio 2022. [...] “Parece que el ciclo lunar puede modular considerablemente el sueño humano”, afirma Rybel Wix, miembro del grupo de trabajo de insomnio de la Sociedad Española del Sueño (SES). La especialista en neurofisiología clínica basa su premisa en una investigación reciente impulsada por diferentes universidades de Suecia. En concreto, este trabajo analizó a más de participantes usando la polisomnografía, un estudio que analiza distintos patrones corporales mientras el sujeto se va durmiendo. Se trata de un examen que se utiliza para diagnosticar trastornos del sueño. Los científicos analizaron factores que influyen en la calidad, continuidad y duración del sueño, así como la capacidad de conciliarlo, la dificultad para iniciarlo y mantenerlo, además de considerar la apnea obstructiva del sueño. Hay que tener en cuenta que la luna se compone de cuatro fases: llena, nueva, cuarto creciente y cuarto menguante. Pues bien, la investigación concluyó que, durante el periodo de luna creciente, los participantes del estudio registraron un descanso promedio más breve y menos eficiente. “Según el estudio, la duración del sueño es significativamente más corta en el periodo de luna creciente comparado con el menguante, con un aumento de la vigilia y de la latencia del sueño”, detalla Wix, quien añade que, con respecto a la calidad, el tiempo de sueño profundo es mayor durante la fase menguante. La iluminación, la clave En realidad, estos cambios son impulsados por la iluminación de la luna. Este satélite no emite luz por sí mismo, sino que podemos ver sus cuatro fases gracias al sol, que lo alumbra. “Con cada día adicional de la etapa creciente, la luna refleja más luz solar a la Tierra, alcanzando una iluminación máxima el día de luna llena. En contraste, durante la fase menguante, la luz que nos llega disminuye”, expone Wix. La especialista subraya que la luz nocturna perturba el sueño, “posiblemente debido a su efecto inhibitorio sobre la secreción de melatonina. En este punto, se ha comprobado que las concentraciones de melatonina en la sangre son más bajas durante la luna llena en comparación con la nueva. Asimismo, la miembro de la SES agrega que los ritmos circadianos (cambios físicos, conductuales y mentales que se producen en el transcurso de un día) también se ven afectados por las señales fóticas, “aunque se piensa que la gravedad también influye”, agrega. ¿Afecta más a hombres o a mujeres? El estudio antes mencionado concluye, además, que el ciclo lunar afecta más a los hombres que a las mujeres. “Se cree que porque la luna modula la secreción de testosterona y cortisol. La testosterona baja y el cortisol elevado se relacionan con trastornos del sueño”, manifiesta Wix. Por último, la experta comenta que “poco podemos hacer para paliar los efectos de la luna sobre nuestro sueño, salvo tener buenos hábitos que fortalezcan nuestro sistema circadiano y favorezcan la liberación nocturna de melatonina, como controlar el uso de pantallas y dispositivos por las noches y exponerse a la luz del sol por la mañana”. Adaptado de:https://cuidateplus.marca.com/bienestar/2022/06/04/lunaafectar-sueno-179835.html. Accedido el 13 junio 2022.

Língua Estrangeira – Inglês Questões de 16 a 25 To answer questions 16 to 25, read the following text: The Psychological Comforts of Storytelling Why, throughout human history, have people been so drawn to fiction? By Cody C. Delistraty The oldest story in the world is “The Epic of Gilgamesh”, and it has all the trappings of a modern story: a protagonist who goes on an arduous journey, a romance with a seductive woman, a redemptive arc, and a full cast of supporting characters. Humans have been telling stories for thousands of years, sharing them orally even before the invention of writing. In one way or another, much of people’s lives are spent telling stories, which can be a way for humans to feel that we have control over the world. They allow people to see patterns where there is chaos, meaning where there is randomness. Humans are inclined to see narratives where there are none because it can afford meaning to our lives—a form of existential problem-solving. In a 1944 study conducted at Smith College, 34 students were shown a short film in which two triangles and a circle moved across the screen and a rectangle remained stationary on one side of the screen. When asked what they saw, 33 of the 34 students anthropomorphized the shapes and created a narrative: The circle was “worried,” the “little triangle” was an “innocent young thing,” the big triangle was “blinded by rage and frustration.” Only one student recorded that all he saw were geometric shapes on a screen. But why start telling stories in the first place? One theory is that storytelling could be an evolutionary mechanism that helped keep our ancestors alive. The theory is that if I tell you a story about how to survive, you’ll be more likely to actually survive than if I just give you facts. For instance, if I were to say, “There’s an animal near that tree, so don’t go over there,” it would not be as effective as if I were to tell you, “My cousin was eaten by a malicious, scary creature that lurks around that tree, so don’t go over there.” A narrative works off of both data and emotions, which is significantly more effective in engaging a listener than data alone. The value humans place on narrative is made clear in the high esteem given to storytellers. Authors, actors, directors—people who spin narratives for a living are some of the most famous people in the world. Stories are a form of escapism, but there seems to be something more at play. Perhaps the real reason that we tell stories again and again—and endlessly praise our greatest storytellers—is because humans want to be a part of a shared history. Adapted from: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/11/thepsychological-comforts-of-storytelling/381964/. Access in: 17 June 2022. 16. Read the following sentence taken from the text: “But why start telling stories in the first place?” (3rd paragraph). Now, choose the only alternative which classifies one of these words correctly and gives it an adequate synonym. (A) In the sentence, the word “stories” (1st paragraph) is being used as a noun, and it could be replaced by “prayers” with no loss in meaning. (B) In the sentence, the word “start” (3rd paragraph) is being used as a verb, and it could be replaced by “begin” with no loss in meaning. (C) In the sentence, the word “why” is being used as a determiner, and it could be replaced by “because” with no loss in meaning. (D) In the sentence, the word “in” is being used as a preposition, and it could be replaced by “to” with no loss in meaning. (E) In the sentence, the word “first” is being used as a pronoun, and it could be replaced by “initial” with no loss in meaning. 17. Read the following excerpts taken from the text, while also paying attention to the underlined pronouns: I. “[…] a protagonist who goes on an arduous journey […]” (1st paragraph). II. “Humans have been telling stories for thousands of years, sharing them orally even before the invention of writing.” (1st paragraph). III. “[…] much of people’s lives are spent telling stories, which can be a way for humans to feel that we have control over the world.” (1st paragraph). IV. “When asked what they saw, 33 of the 34 students anthropomorphized the shapes and created a narrative […]” (2nd paragraph). Now, choose the alternative which correctly correlates each underlined pronoun to the element that they are referring to. (A) In sentence I, the pronoun “who” refers back to “protagonist”; in sentence II, the pronoun “them” refers back to “humans”; in sentence III, the pronoun “which” refers back to “people’s lives”; in sentence IV, the pronoun “they” refers back to “students”. (B) In sentence I, the pronoun “who” refers back to “arduous journey”; in sentence II, the pronoun “them” refers back to “thousands of years”; in sentence III, the pronoun “which” refers back to “much”; in sentence IV, the pronoun “they” refers back to “shapes”. (C) In sentence I, the pronoun “who” refers back to “protagonist”; in sentence II, the pronoun “them” refers back to “stories”; in sentence III, the pronoun “which” refers back to “stories”; in sentence IV, the pronoun “they” refers back to “students”. (D) In sentence I, the pronoun “who” refers back to “arduous journey”; in sentence II, the pronoun “them” refers back to “stories”; in sentence III, the pronoun “which” refers back to “much”; in sentence IV, the pronoun “they” refers back to “shapes”. (E) In sentence I, the pronoun “who” refers back to “protagonist”; in sentence II, the pronoun “them” refers back to “thousands of years”; in sentence III, the pronoun “which” refers back to “people’s lives”; in sentence IV, the pronoun “they” refers back to “shapes”. 18. Choose the alternative that correctly identifies the verb tense that is being used in the following fragment of the text: “Humans have been telling stories for thousands of years [...]” (1st paragraph). (A) Present perfect continuous. (B) Present continuous. (C) Simple present. (D) Present perfect simple. (E) Past continuous. 19. Read the following sentence taken from the text: “Authors, actors, directors—people who spin narratives for a living are some of the most famous people in the world.” (4th paragraph). Now, choose the alternative that most accurately describes the meaning of the underlined idiom. (A) The idiom “for a living” indicates a leisure activity that is parallel to a job or occupation. (B) The idiom “for a living” indicates a moral obligation towards society and the law. (C) The idiom “for a living” indicates an individual action that is meant to benefit a family member or significant other. (D) The idiom “for a living” indicates the essential conditions for a person’s mental and physical health. (E) The idiom “for a living” indicates an occupation or profession – in other words, a source of income. 20. The following sentence taken from the text is in the passive voice: “In a 1944 study conducted at Smith College, 34 students were shown a short film in which two triangles and a circle moved across the screen and a rectangle remained stationary on one side of the screen.” (2nd paragraph). Choose the alternative with the only plausible adaptation of the underlined fragment into the active voice. (A) Someone was shown a short film along with 34 students. (B) 34 students have been shown a short film. (C) Someone showed a short film to 34 students. (D) A short film showed 34 students in it. (E) 34 students showed a short film to someone. 21. Read the following two sentences taken from the text: I. “The theory is that if I tell you a story about how to survive, you’ll be more likely to actually survive than if I just give you facts.” II. “[…] if I were to say, ‘There’s an animal near that tree, so don’t go over there,’ it would not be as effective as if I were to tell you, ‘My cousin was eaten by a malicious, scary creature that lurks around that tree, so don’t go over there’.” Sentences I and II are, respectively, in: (A) The First Conditional and in the Second Conditional. (B) The Zero Conditional and in the First Conditional. (C) The First Conditional and in the Third Conditional. (D) The Second Conditional and in the Second Conditional. (E) The Third Conditional and in the Zero Conditional. 22. According to the text, what is the relationship between stories and human life (1st paragraph)? (A) Stories allow people to see patterns where there is chaos, meaning where there is randomness, making it seem like life is an existential illusion. (B) A small portion of people’s lives are spent telling stories, which could be a way of having control over the world by means of manipulation. (C) Humans are inclined to see narratives where there are none because it can afford meaning to our lives — a form of existential problem-solving. (D) Stories are a reflection of human life and its constant changes, which means that old stories rarely share their characteristics with the modern ones. (E) Humans have been telling stories for hundreds of years, ever since the invention of writing. Its importance for life, then, is inherently social. 23. Concerning the study conducted with 34 participants (2nd paragraph) that was described in the text, choose the alternative that provides an accurate summary of its results. (A) The study found that the emotions and characteristics attributed to the triangles were opposite to those attributed to the circle and rectangle. (B) The study found that most participants anthropomorphized the shapes that were showed in the film, with only one exception among them. (C) The study found that the anthropomorphization of the shapes was dependent on their movement on the screen. (D) The study found that circles are “worried”, little triangles are “innocent” and “young”, and big triangles are “blinded by rage and frustration”, respectively. (E) The study found that only one participant deduced a neutral narrative from the film, proposing a simple plot without seeing any emotions on the shapes. 24. According to the text, why are storytellers (authors, actors, directors) valued so highly and have so much fame? (A) This is due to their ability to prescribe the patterns of a good story based on the old models, as seen in the plot of the “Epic of Gilgamesh”. (B) This is due to the value that humans place on narrative. Besides, another reason might be the human desire to be part of a shared history. (C) This is due to the fact that they provide people with escapism – a desire that is even more important than that of a shared history. (D) This is due to the reality that stories point to the human desire to truly be part of a shared history and leave the escapism of narrative behind. (E) This is due to the repetitive nature of narratives as such, which means that the bigger their frequency and familiarity, the bigger the escapism that they provide. 25. Based on the theory mentioned in the text with the aim of explaining the human motivation to tell stories and its potential role as an evolutionary mechanism (3rd paragraph), read the following statements. ( ) The emotional appeal of a narrative has the power to frighten the listener before he even detects any danger at all, thus having the effect of compromising the perception of facts. ( ) A narrative works off of both data and emotions. This dynamic is significantly more effective in engaging a listener than data alone. ( ) The theory suggests that if someone is told a story about how to survive, that listener will be more likely to actually survive than if he was just given the facts. ( ) If an observer saw a dangerous predator near a tree, his awareness of the narrative would lead him to presuppose that his own intuition about the facts could be misleading. Now, choose the alternative that classifies them correctly as either true (T) or false (F). (A) F – T – T – F. (B) T – F – F – F. (C) T – T – F – T. (D) F – T – F – T. (E) T – T – F – F. Língua Estrangeira – Francês Questões de 16 a 25 Canicule: des records de chaleur attendus ce samedi Par Delphine Chayet Publié hier le 17 juin 38 degrés à l’ombre à Nantes et Rennes, 40 °C à Paris, 39 °C à La Rochelle… Des températures historiques pour un mois de juin sont prévues samedi lors du paroxysme de la canicule en France. «Des records absolus pourraient même être atteints localement, dépassant les maximales enregistrées pendant les vagues de chaleur estivales de 2003 et 2019», souligne Régis Crépet, météorologue à la Chaîne Météo (groupe Figaro). La barre des 40 °C a été passée dès jeudi à Saint-Jean-de-Minervois, dans l’Hérault, pour la première fois de façon aussi précoce en France continentale. Samedi devrait être la journée la plus chaude jamais enregistrée en juin, avec une moyenne jour-nuit de 28 °C sur tout le territoire. Une chaleur extrême prolongée est dangereuse pour l’organisme, surtout s’il n’a pas pu récupérer en raison de la douceur nocturne. Or la nuit de vendredi à samedi devait être la plus chaude de l’épisode. La veille, une température de 25 °C avait déjà été relevée à Toulouse au moment le plus frais, c’est-àdire à l’aube. Rappelant les risques de fatigue, coups de chaleur, déshydratation et de décompensation de maladies existantes, les autorités sanitaires ont invité la population à la prudence, et à la protection des personnes fragiles (nourrissons, enfants, femmes enceintes et plus de 65 ans). Un numéro vert a été mis en place. D’autant que la chaleur s’accompagnera d’un épisode de pollution à l’ozone en Île-de-France, ainsi que dans plusieurs départements d’Occitanie, de Paca et des Hauts-de-France. Cette canicule hyperprécoce est causée par une masse d’air venue du Sahara qui se déplace à très haute altitude et est redescendue sur l’Europe. Les températures élevées sont également favorisées par le temps très ensoleillé dû à un anticyclone. Adapté de: https://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences/canicule-des-recordsde-chaleur-attendus-samedi-20220617. Accédé le 18 avril 2022. 16. À partir de la lecture du premier paragraphe, choisissez la réponse correcte. (A) Il fera 40º degrés partout en France. (B) La météo n’envisage pas de records de température pendant le week-end en France. (C) Des records de température en-dessous de ceux de 2003 et 2019 sont attendus pendant le weekend en France. (D) En France, la température de 40º sera dépassée le samedi. (E) Des records de température au-dessus de ceux de 2003 et 2019 sont attendus pendant le weekend en France. 17. Selon le deuxième paragraphe, on peut affirmer que (A) une chaleur prolongée c’est quand il fait très chaud pendant toute la matinée. (B) une chaleur prolongée c’est quand il ne fait très chaud qu’à l’après-midi. (C) une chaleur prolongée c’est quand il fait très chaud pendant les périodes diurne et nocturne. (D) une chaleur prolongée c’est quand il ne fait très chaud que le matin et l’après-midi. (E) une chaleur prolongée c’est quand il ne fait très chaud que pendant le soir. 18. Cochez l’option correspondant à la tranche d’âge des gens ayant plus de 65 ans. (A) Nouveaux-nés. (B) Adolescents. (C) Jeunes. (D) Personnes âgées. (E) Grands-enfants. 19. Cochez l’option où le genre du mot est féminin. (A) « vagues » (premier paragraphe). (B) « records » (premier paragraphe). (C) « moment » (deuxième paragraphe). (D) « temps » (quatrième paragraphe). (E) « Sahara » (quatrième paragraphe). 20. Cochez l’option où le mot souligné est un participe présent. (A) «Des records absolus pourraient même être atteints localement, dépassant les maximales enregistrées pendant les vagues de chaleur estivales de 2003 et 2019» (premier paragraphe). (B) Des températures historiques pour un mois de juin sont prévues samedi lors du paroxysme de la canicule en France (premier paragraphe). (C) Rappelant les risques de fatigue, coups de chaleur, déshydratation et de décompensation de maladies existantes, les autorités sanitaires ont invité la population à la prudence, et à la protection des personnes fragiles (troisième paragraphe). (D) Cette canicule hyperprécoce est causée par une masse d’air venue du Sahara (quatrième paragraphe). (E) Les températures élevées sont également favorisées par le temps très ensoleillé dû à un anticyclone (quatrième paragraphe). 21. Cochez l’option où le mot souligné n’est pas une préposition. (A) La barre des 40 °C a été passée dès jeudi à Saint-Jean-de-Minervois, dans l’Hérault, pour la première fois de façon aussi précoce en France continentale (premier paragraphe). (B) Une chaleur extrême prolongée est dangereuse pour l’organisme, surtout s’il n’a pas pu récupérer en raison de la douceur nocturne (deuxième paragraphe). (C) Or la nuit de vendredi à samedi devait être la plus chaude de l’épisode (deuxième paragraphe). (D) D’autant que la chaleur s’accompagnera d’un épisode de pollution à l’ozone en Île-de-France, (troisième paragraphe). (E) Cette canicule hyperprécoce est causée par une masse d’air venue du Sahara qui se déplace à très haute altitude et est redescendue sur l’Europe (quatrième paragraphe). 22. Cochez l’option qui correspond à la forme négative correcte de la phrase suivante : « Un numéro vert a été mis en place. ». (troisième paragraphe). (A) Un numéro vert n’a été pas mis en place. (B) Un numéro vert ne pas a été mis en place. (C) Un numéro vert a n’été pas mis en place. (D) Un numéro vert n’a pas été mis en place. (E) Un numéro vert n’a été mis en place. 23. Cochez l’option qui présente le pronom complément qui remplace correctement le terme souligné dans la phrase suivante: «[...] les autorités sanitaires ont invité la population à la prudence, et à la protection des personnes fragiles [...]» (troisième paragraphe). (A) la (B) le (C) l’ (D) les (E) elle 24. Choisissez l’option correspondant à l’antonyme de « estivales » (premier paragraphe). (A) Printanières. (B) Automnales. (C) Saisonnières. (D) Hivernales. (E) Chaleureuses. 25. Quel est le masculin pluriel de l’adjectif « estivales » ? (premier paragraphe). (A) Estivals. (B) Estiveaux. (C) Estivails. (D) Estivaulx. (E) Estivaux. Língua Estrangeira – Espanhol Questões de 16 a 25