Questão de Língua Inglesa

Read the text below and answer the following two questions based on it. The importance of feeling pain Why is it important to feel pain? Pain plays an important role in the lives of humans. It presumably serves to protect us from harm by making us associate certain harmful actions with a sensation of pain. And to alert us to diseases or conditions which we may have. Pain also produces an emotional reaction, not just a physical one. Some pain can be caused by grief or depression, but are not easy to measure or to classify. Then again, the absence of pain can encourage certain other actions. You are more likely to pick up the plate that is not piping hot than the one that is. You might have to do a quick touch test in order to tell the difference. Everyone experiences pain at certain times in their lives. The body is incredibly efficient at registering messages of pain, and extremely quick in getting you to perform an appropriate action in order to lessen the pain sensation. Touch an extremely hot object, for instance, and the impulse or message goes from the nerves in your fingertips, along your spinal cord to your brain. It almost instantly, within a fraction of a second, sends back the message to you to remove your finger immediately from the source of the heat. Your nervous system consists of two parts: the central nervous system, which consists of your spinal cord and your brain, and the sensory or motor nerves, which form the socalled peripheral nervous system. The pain signal is sent to the thalamus, from where it is sent to the limbic system in order to interpret the pain. Is it a stabbing feeling? Is it a burn? Is it a fracture? But it’s not that simple, as many things such as your state of mind, your state of health, your age, experiences you have had in the past and your expectations can all influence how severely you experience the pain. A surge of adrenaline through your system at the time of an injury can make you realise only a while after an accident that you have injured yourself. Adrenaline functions a bit like

17. Pain A) arouses interest in experiencing danger. B) is experienced by a select group of people. C) is central in the protection of human lives. D) produces emotional reactions solely. E) can be easily measured in any situation. 18. It is true to assert that A) adrenaline helps you become aware of pain some moments after an injury. B) the pain a person feels lacks any form of relation to his past life experience. C) the reason why one feels pain is the long time it takes the brain to react. D) our central nervous system accounts all by itself for all the process of pain. E) it is unnecessary to interpret pain because it is always felt the very same way.

Time since first case Disponível em: https://www.businessinsider.com - em 20/11/2020. 19. According to the chart above protective measures concerning the spread of Covid-19 A) should prove useless to tackle the overload in hospitals altogether. B) cannot help the healthcare system deal with the pandemic spread. C) couldn’t do any better than the lack of measures in this process. D) can help the healthcare system capacity to cope with the demands. E) ought to overload the healthcare system operational capacity. Read the text below and answer the following three questions based on it.

20. Prostate cancer A) is far from fatal if diagnosed at a progressive stage. B) has a better prognosis when detected at an early stage. C) is one of the least commonplace cancers among men. D) is detected neither through PSA nor digital examination. E) is unlikely to be detected through a urine screening test. 21. American researchers have proved that biomarkers of prostate cancer A) are improbable to be detected through urine. B) are attainable through a number of samples. C) need a lot more research to be detectable. D) need large amounts of urine to be identifiable. E) could be detected in a single urine sample. 22. The study’s proof-of-concept A) has been successfully tested and validated. B) was implemented clinically and validated. C) has shown very inauspicious results so far. D) needs more research for a final conclusion. E) has no potential for human therapeutic use. Read the text below and answer the following two questions based on it.

23. Taking bad care of your mouth hygiene A) might lead to a heart disease as a consequence. B) won’t affect anything other than your own breath. C) should put a more beautiful smile on your face. D) will always increase the risk of a broken heart. E) will necessarily affect all your health system. 24. One’s heart health A) troubles result from bacteria making the blood get too thin. B) may be impaired by both atherosclerosis and endocarditis. C) is likely to worsen if bacteria are fought against in the mouth. D) will be in good shape regardless of the oral hygiene care taken. E) is said to depend entirely on the condition of the buccal hygiene. ESPANHOL La COVID-19 y las oportunidades de cooperación internacional en salud El 11 de marzo de 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró la enfermedad COVID-19, causada por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, como una pandemia. La pandemia ha demostrado ser un problema que puede impactar profundamente la economía global: se han evaporado trillones de dólares de las bolsas de valores de todo el mundo, antes de que cerraran sus puertas para evitar el colapso absoluto, sea porque sus operadores cayesen enfermos, sea por la caída de sus activos financieros; millones de personas perdieron sus empleos, por lo menos temporalmente, y otros tantos trabajadores informales, excluidos de los esquemas de protección social, fueron abocados -por gobiernos omisos- a una trágica elección: o salen de sus casas para ganar el pan y se exponen al virus, o se quedan en el aislamiento social y mueren de hambre. Los gobiernos tuvieron que abrir sus arcas y gastar en servicios de salud, en ayuda económica a las empresas y a los trabajadores o ver deteriorarse todavía más la situación social y sanitaria. El G20 prometió inyectar USD 4,8 trillones en la economía global; los Estados Unidos destinaron USD 2,3 trillones para estímulos a la economía nacional, pero no ha invertido nada para la ayuda internacional o para la salud global, en la cual el país ya ha sido uno de los campeones; en Brasil, los números anunciados por el gobierno federal son imprecisos, pero desde hace mucho un Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) desguazado tiene que lidiar con un perfil complejo de problemas de salud, la mayoría de ellos determinado o condicionado por la inmensa desigualdad socioeconómica vigente. Entre 2008 y 2019, América del Sur fue un ejemplo de cooperación en salud, durante la existencia de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (UNASUR). Integrado por los 12 Ministros de Salud de la región, el Consejo de Salud Sudamericano dirigió una acción colectiva de los países frente a la pandemia de influenza de H1N1, a las epidemias de dengue y organizó acciones comunes contra otras enfermedades transmisibles emergentes y reemergentes, apoyado por los Jefes de Estado e implementado por centenas de técnicos de los ministerios y sistemas de salud de los Estados miembros. La implosión de UNASUR, o sea, el rechazo al multilateralismo regional, liquidó este mecanismo estable que funcionó formalmente durante cerca de diez años en la región. Restaurar estos mecanismos políticos y técnicos es fundamental para el enfrentamiento a la epidemia del nuevo coronavirus, así como para los nuevos desafíos de salud de interés internacional, pues simplemente cerrar fronteras no es la solución. Sudamérica tiene cerca de 48 fronteras a lo largo de 17 mil kilómetros. La vida cotidiana de la población de las áreas fronterizas siempre transcurrió con beneficios mutuos e intensa cooperación para enfrentar conjuntamente problemas comunes. En un escenario de mayor vulnerabilidad, donde las enfermedades van más allá de las fronteras nacionales de los países, globalizándose los riesgos para la salud, el nivel subregional, vinculado a iniciativas de integración, presenta grandes oportunidades para la cooperación en salud. Adaptado de Pablo Marchiori Buss; Sebastián Tobar Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(4), 22 de abril de 2020