Questão de Língua Inglesa

Read the text below and answer the following questions based on it.

17. Phantom limb pain A) has been thoroughly studied and is now comprehensively understood. B) was tackled by an old method using augmented reality to stop the pain. C) was done away with through mirror therapy practice a long time ago. D) can only be felt by someone who has had the amputation of an arm. E) had been experienced by the participating patients since their limb loss. 18. The experiment can be said to have been A) considerably successful. B) a complete failure. C) completely useless. D) totally successful. E) completely unsuccessful. Read the text below and answer the following questions based on it. Indian surgeons separate twins joined at the head Two-year-old Jaga and Kalia underwent 16 hours of surgery, and are now in the intensive care unit, doctors said. A team of 30 doctors carried out the surgery - the first of its kind in India - at a state-run hospital. The boys were born with shared blood vessels and brain tissues, a very rare condition that occurs once in about three million births. The director of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Randeep Guleria, told the Press Trust of India that the "next 18 days would be extremely critical to ascertain the success of the surgery". The twins, hailing from a village in eastern Orissa state, were joined at the head - a condition known as craniopagus. Even before the operation they had defeated the odds; craniopagus occurs in one in three million births, and 50% of those affected die within 24 hours, doctors say. "Both the children have other health issues as well. While Jaga has heart issues, Kalia has kidney problems," neurosurgeon A K Mahapatra said. "Though initially Jaga was healthier, now his condition has deteriorated. Kalia is better," he added. Doctors said the most challenging job after the separation was to "provide a skin cover on both sides of the brain for the children as the surgery had left large holes on their heads". "If the twins make it, the next step will be reconstructing their skulls," plastic surgeon Maneesh Singhal said. The first surgery was performed on 28 August when the doctors created a bypass to separate the shared veins that return blood to the heart from the brain. Adaptado de: <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india- 41772987> Acessado em 27 de outubro de 2017. 19. The surgery to separate the twin brothers A) was easy to perform due to a frequent and common condition it featured. B) was carried out by almost three dozen doctors at a public hospital. C) had been done before and because of that it turned out to be successful. D) was said to be successful immediately after they doctors finished it. E) involved two boys whose stories were just like any other known story. 20. One of the greatest difficulties after the surgery A) was for their blood to return to the heart from their brains. B) must have been for the doctors to reconstruct the boys’ skulls. C) was keeping both of the boys under healthy conditions. D) was covering their heads with skin because of the holes left. E) was spending the next three weeks waiting for their recovery. Read the text below and answer the following questions based on it. Is gene editing ethical? Gene editing is the modification of DNA sequences in living cells. What that means in reality is that researchers can either add mutations or substitute genes in cells or organisms. Gene editing holds the key to preventing or treating debilitating genetic diseases, giving hope to millions of people around the world. Yet the same technology could unlock the path to designing our future children, enhancing their genome by selecting desirable traits such as height, eye color, and intelligence. While this concept is not new, a real breakthrough came 5 years ago when several scientists saw the potential of a system called CRISPR/Cas9 to edit the human genome. CRISPR/Cas9 allows us to target specific locations in the genome with much more precision than previous techniques. This process allows a faulty gene to be replaced with a non-faulty copy, making this technology attractive to those looking to cure genetic diseases. The technology is not foolproof, however. Scientists have been modifying genes for decades, but there are always trade-offs. We have yet to develop a technique that works 100 percent and doesn't lead to unwanted and uncontrollable mutations in other locations in the genome. In a laboratory experiment, these so-called off-target effects are not the end of the world. But when it comes to gene editing in humans, this is a major stumbling block. The fact that gene editing is possible in human embryos has opened a Pandora's box of ethical issues. Here, the ethical debate around gene editing really gets off the ground. When gene editing is used in embryos — or earlier, on the sperm or egg of carriers of genetic mutations — it is called germline gene editing. The big issue here is that it affects both the individual receiving the treatment and their future children. This is a potential game-changer as it implies that we may be able to change the genetic makeup of entire generations on a permanent basis. Adaptado de: <https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319817.php> (Acessado em 21 de outubro de 2017) 21. One could state that A) humans still lack the necessary knowledge to alter their own genes. B) gene editing could be the answer to some diseases’cure and prevention. C) very few people could benefit from the research involving gene editing. D) this technology won’t enable us to custom make new human beings. E) gene editing bears no relation with the alteration of cells or organisms. 22. As for the new CRISPR/Cas9 system technique, A) it is a faulty system but it mustn’t be replaced for more advanced ones. B) it is easily outdone by previous techniques and lacks their precision. C) it has no flaws and has eliminated failure, unlike previous techniques. D) it features more precision and allows for more accurate interventions. E) its major ameliorations have done away with all off-target effects. 23. The ethical issue involving gene editing used in embryos or prior stages A) refers mainly to the changes caused to a person and all his offspring. B) has to do with the resistance to innovation by many children. C) is related to how it affects the individual but fails all his descendants. D) finds no resistance from the population regarding future generations. E) exerts insignificant influence in the process of scientific research. Read the text below and answer the following question based on it. "What fits your busy schedule better, exercising one hour a day or being dead 24 hous a day?" Disponível em:<https://baneofyourresistance.com/2012/09/14/break-theurgency-induced-block/>. Acessado em 15 de outubro de 2017. 24. From what the doctor says, one can infer that A) the man had really better spend the whole day relaxing. B) he suggests that the man should just get some rest. C) if the man exercises the whole day he will surely die. D) the man should get some exercise or else he might die. E) the man should work out to death to get in good shape. ESPANHOL Sobre la tercerización en la gestión pública (Ventajas) En todos los modelos de gestión existen ventajas y desventajas a la organización. Con la tercerización esto no es diferente. Estos factores deben ser analizados sobre todo cuando se trata de la organización pública. Imhoff y Mortari (2005), al comentar los beneficios de la tercerización, destacan aquello que consideran como la principal ventaja de la tercerización de servicios en el aspecto administrativo, que sería tener una alternativa para mejorar la calidad del producto o servicio y también la productividad. También sería una forma de obtener un control total de la calidad dentro de la empresa, toda vez que uno de los objetivos básicos de los administradores consiste en la disminución de los gastos laborales y de la Seguridad Social, además de la reducción del precio final del producto o servicio. Con el uso de la tercerización, la organización tiene la oportunidad de dirigir todos los recursos y esfuerzos para su propia actividad fin, en la que está especializada, por lo cual podrá obtener una mejor calidad de productos y/o servicios para la sociedad, y en virtud de estos resultados, la obtención de un fortalecimiento competitivo. La tercerización, cuando se utiliza de la manera correcta, es decir, cuando sus contratos de servicio se hacen cumplir, especialmente cuando implican mano de obra, se hace muy ventajoso para la empresa u organismo público contratante, en función de los diferentes beneficios que se generan con su uso, que van desde los beneficios de las economías a escala y la reducción del espacio que ocupa en la empresa. Imhoff y Mortari (2005) señalan que: "[...] se producirá la creación de puestos de trabajo externalizados, lo que llevará a una mejora de la mano de obra, a la distribución del ingreso entre los participantes del proceso, a la concentración de los esfuerzos en la actividad fin de la empresa, a la especialización en el servicio, a la competencia y a la productividad para todo el mercado". La gran ventaja de la tercerización para la administración pública es la posibilidad que le es dada de poder transferir actividades (medios) consideradas como no esencial en la política económica de la empresa para ser ejecutada por un tercero. Dicha posibilidad motiva la creación de nuevas empresas y, por tanto, nuevos puestos de trabajo, que a su vez va a generar un aumento en la recaudación de impuestos en el área de servicios. La tercerización es cada vez más utilizada por su sentido práctico y por la economía que proporciona al Estado. Sin embargo, hay algunos factores que dificultan la consecución del principio constitucional de eficiencia previsto en el artículo 37 de la Constitución de 1988. Este principio sostiene que la administrada, más allá de la obligación que tiene de prestar los servicios, también tiene el deber de suministrarlos de manera satisfactoria y de forma rápida y eficaz. Adaptado de http://www.eumed.net/rev/cccss/27/recursoshumanos.html.