Questão de Língua Inglesa

01. “Fan” is ........ abbreviated form of 02. “fanatic”, which has ........ roots in ........ Latin 03. word “fanaticus”, which simply meant 04. “belonging to the temple, a devotee”. But 05. these words quickly assumed negative 06. connotations, to the point of becoming 07. references to excessive religious belief and to any 08. mistaken enthusiasm. 09. Based on such connotations, news reports 10. frequently characterize fans as psychopaths 11. ........ frustrated fantasies of intimate 12. relationships with stars or unsatisfied desires 13. to achieve stardom take violent and antisocial 14. forms. Whether viewed as a religious fanatic, 15. a psychopathic killer, a neurotic fantasist, or a 16. lust-crazed groupie, the fan remains a 17. “fanatic” with interests alien to the realm of 18. “normal” cultural experience and a mentality 19. dangerously out of touch with reality. 20. To understand the logic behind this 21. discursive construction of fans, we must 22. reconsider what we mean by taste. Concepts 23. of “good taste,” appropriate conduct, or 24. aesthetic merit are not natural or universal; 25. rather, they are rooted in social experience 26. and reflect particular class interests. Taste 27. becomes one of the important means by 28. which social distinctions are maintained and 29. class identities are forged. Those who 30. “naturally” possess appropriate tastes 31. “deserve” a privileged position, while the 32. tastes of others are seen as underdeveloped. 33. Taste distinctions determine desirable and 34. undesirable ways of relating to cultural 35. objects, strategies of interpretation and styles 36. of consumption. 37. The stereotypical conception of the fan 38. reflects anxieties about the violation of 39. dominant cultural hierarchies. The fans’ 40. transgression of bourgeois taste disrupt 41. dominant cultural hierarchies, insuring that 42. their preferences be seen as abnormal and 43. threatening by those who have an interest in 44. the maintenance of these standards (even by 45. those who may share similar tastes but 46. express them in different ways). Adapted from: JENKINS, Henry. Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York / London: Routledge, 1992. p. 12-16. 26