Questão de Língua Inglesa

9876 PROCESSO SELETIVO DE ACESSO À 5 9897 EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR Read the text I to answer the questions 09 and 10. What Is Organic Anyway? When you think of organic food, what words come to mind? Natural, local, ethical? In fact, the classification of organic food is a tricky business. Until the 19th century, nobody would have considered farming as anything other than organic. Crops were fertilized using animal manure and compost. In the 18th and 19th centuries, however, chemists were discovering more about chemicals. The work of German chemist Justus von Liebig, in particular, led to the development of cheap nitrogen fertilizers. The agricultural revolution that followed, especially in Great Britain, brought about a huge increase in crop production. This helped feed the country’s rapidly growing urban population and reduce famine. However, not everybody was convinced of the benefits of the new technologies. Sir Albert Howard’s experiences in India convinced him that correct animal and crop management in a local area produced strong pest-resistant plants that were superior to those grown with chemical fertilizers. He saw chemical fertilizers as expensive, unnecessary, and unsustainable and studied ways to farm productively but naturally. Howard himself never used the word organic. It was British agriculturalist Lord Northbourne who first referred to a farm as a single “organic whole,” describing a more balanced, sustainable style of farming. Northbourne’s ideas, however, were not widely accepted. The following years saw an increase in the use of fertilizers and pesticides, which allowed farmers to plant large quantities of single crops. Most farms became industrialized single-crop producers that depended on pesticides and fertilizers. Then in the 1970s, some people began to express their concerns about the negative effects of these methods on soil quality and the environment. These green activists began to call for a return to more traditional styles of farming. At the same time, in other parts of the world modern methods were replacing traditional farming. In Mexico, Pakistan, and India, Nobel Prize-winning agriculturalist Norman Borlaug pioneered the use of new crops and technologies and greatly increased food production. Environmentalists criticized Borlaug’s work, which they claimed led to reliance on a single crop, inequality, malnutrition, and the loss of natural wildlife. While Borlaug recognized some of these claims, he argued that his principle aim was an end to hunger, something, he pointed out, that most of his critics had never experienced. Meanwhile in the USA and the UK, many smaller farms were trying to return to natural methods, growing many different crops and keeping animals to fertilize the soil. Throughout the 1970s, activists continued to promote a return to more traditional ways of living, and some people were encouraged to try to provide their own food, both out in the countryside and using smaller urban gardens. However, as the idea of organic food became more popular, big business began to move in. The 1980s and 1990s saw the growth of large organic farms and supermarkets, and the importation of organic produce from abroad. At the same time, new legislation in places such as the USA and Europe has made it extremely expensive and complicated for small producers to obtain organic certification. Ironically, many natural local farms are not classed as organic, while much of the organic food supermarkets sell often comes from foreign countries. This has led to criticism from environmentalists who feel that the term organic no longer represents the ideals of organic farming. As we move into the 21st century with a world population of seven billion people, the debate on how we should feed ourselves shows no sign of coming to an end. SHACKLETON, Caroline & TURNER, Nathan Paul. Money Tree: the business of organics. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Questão 09 Many animal and crop management procedures took place across the centuries. The option which highlights the one taken as an organic procedure is a) spread of cheap nitrogen fertilizers as an agricultural revolution. b) use of fertilizers and pesticides to plant large quantities of simple crop. c) grow of crops through animal manure and compost ever. d) development of new crops through altenative technologies. e) enlargement of single crops on replacement of the soil quality. PROCESSO SELETIVO DE ACESSO À 9876 6 EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR 9897 Questão 10 The most important argument Mr. Borlaug had to fight his critics was the fact that they had never a) raised a crop. b) grown their own food. c) grown single crops. d) experienced lack of food. e) returned to traditional ways of living. Read the text II to answer the questions 11 and 12. Veggies You Can Regrow From Discarded Roots Patrick Phillips When it comes to cooking with healthy, fresh ingredients, we always end up facing the same issue: what to do with all of the roots we chop off of our veggies? Instead of tossing them in the trash, there’s actually something quite useful you can do with them, and it’ll save you a good chunk of change. Regrowing green onions has become quite popular, and it’s easy to understand why: it’s very simple and fun to check on its growth progress on a daily basis. It’s also a great way to help avoid food waste. However, there are plenty of vegetables you can regrow for yourself at home using scraps. Green Onion Let’s start with the basics: green onions. These are the fastest plants to regrow and also the easiest. To do so, put the root and 1 inch of the white part in a bowl or jar, then fill it with enough water to cover up to halfway up the white part of the onion. Change out the water every 2 to 3 days. You’ll notice it growing within a day and after a week, you’ll have greens that you can use! Romaine Lettuce You can regrow romaine lettuce and also other lettuces by placing the roots of it in a jar filled with at least 1 inch of water. Leave for a few days until it begins to grow, then transfer the roots into soil to continue growing the thriving plant. Cabbage You can regrow cabbage in the same way that you regrow lettuce. Simply save a stump of the cabbage with its roots and place it in 1 inch of water. Then transfer the sprouting leaves into soil. Leeks Since leeks are actually directly related to green onions, they can be regrown using the same method. Place the root and about 2 inches of the white part in a jar with water that reaches about halfway up the white part. These will take a bit longer to regrow, but don’t give up! Make sure to keep changing out the water every 2 or 3 days. Carrot Tops Cut a carrot at the top (the root) and place the piece, cut side-down, in a bowl of water. The leaves of the carrots will grow as opposed to the carrot itself, however, these leaves can be used in salads, be used as a garnish, or can even be put into a pesto. Simply change the water every few days. Celery Celery can be regrown in the same way as the cabbage and romaine. Place the root end of the stalk in 1 inch of water. When the leaves will begin to sprout, wait about a week in order for the celery to become stronger. Make sure you change the water every few days. Once this process is done, you can replant the celery in soil. Celery leaves can also be used in salads. https://www.sizzlfy.com/healthy/veggies-regrow. Slighted modified. Accessed on September the 30th Questão 11 The veggies which have the same way of regrowing are a) Romaine lettuce / leeks. b) Cabbage / carrots. c) Celery / green onions. d) Celery / carrots. e) Green onion / leeks. 9876 PROCESSO SELETIVO DE ACESSO À 7 9897 EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR Questão 12 Taking into consideration the specific parts (1 to 6) of text II: Green onion, Romaine lettuce, Cabbage, leeks, Carrot tops, and Celery, choose the correct option in which one can find a comparative of superiority. a) Cabbage / green onions b) Celery / Romaine lettuce c) Romaine lettuce / cabbage d) Green onions / carrot tops e) Leeks / Celery PROCESSO SELETIVO DE ACESSO À 9876 8 EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR 9897 Texto I para las cuestiones 09, 10 y 11. LÁZARO Un tal de Lázaro Vélez se incorporó en una tumba, se despojó lentamente de su sudario, abandonó el camposanto y empezó a caminar en dirección a su casa. A medida que iba siendo reconocido, los vecinos se acercaban a abrazarlo, le daban ropas para que cubriera su desnudez, lo felicitaban, le palmeaban la espalda huesuda. Sin embargo, a medida que la voz se fue corriendo, la bienvenida ya no fue tan cálida. Un hombre que había ocupado su vacante en la sucursal de Correos, le increpó duramente:“Tu regreso no me alegra. Vas a reclamar tu puesto y quizá te lo den. O sea que yo me quedaré en la calle. Recuerda que en mi casa tengo cinco bocas para alimentar. Prefiero que te vayas”. La viuda de Lázaro Vélez, que, pasado un tiempo prudencial, se había vuelto a casar, le incriminó: “¿Y ahora qué? ¿Acaso pretendes que me condenen por bígama? Si quieres que sea feliz, desaparece de mi vida, por favor”. Un sobrino, que en su momento había heredado sus cuatro vacas y seis ovejas, le reprochó airado: “No pretenderás que te devuelva lo que ahora es legalmente mío. Vete, viejo, y no molestes más”. Lázaro Vélez resolvió no seguir avanzando. Más bien comenzó a retroceder, y a medida que desandaba el camino se iba despojando de las ropas que al princípio le habían brindado. Por fín, un viejo amigo que lo reconoció y no le reprochó nada (quizá porque nada tenía), se acercó a preguntarle. “y ahora ¿a dónde irás?:” Y Lázaro respondió: “A recuperar mi sudário”.