Questão de Língua Inglesa

18. It is true to assert that A) factors such as prolonged conflicts and forced migrations help fight diseases. B) prevention and preparedness have suceeded in keeping disease outbreaks away. C) Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) affects poor populations exclusively. D) good universal health systems can effectively help to save lives and money. E) due to previous pandemics experiences the world is now prepared to cope. Read the text below and answer the following 3 questions based on it. Does a C-section affect the baby’s immune system? The natural birth process can be messy, stressful, and long remembered by both moms and dads. However, there is an unexplained link between decreasing rates of vaginal delivery and increasing rates of chronic inflammatory and metabolic disease in children growing up in today’s world. Nowadays, 20% of Cesarean sections performed worldwide have no medical justification. Although often preferred by both patients and obstetricians, Cesarean sections are not risk-free and might have a hidden impact on the baby immune system. During the natural birth process, the baby is exposed to microorganisms from the mother. This normal exposure process has been connected to healthy gut microbiome growth, further affecting baby immune system development. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether disruption of the exposure process occurring during cesarean section affects gut microbiome formation in neonates. A recent study published in Nature Communications determined whether the mode of delivery does affect the baby immune system. The researchers examined stool samples taken one to five days after the birth of 33 babies born by either vaginal or cesarean deliveries. They performed an analysis of the genetic material from uncultured microorganisms found in these samples. This method allows the detection of numerous bacterial strains and the evaluation of any differences in bacterial classification among samples. The study found differences in the microbiome of babies born naturally or by a Cesarean section. Stool samples of babies delivered by Cesarean section lacked the bacteria present in samples taken from naturally born babies. In addition, the researchers extracted an immune stimulating factor called lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the samples. This bacteria-derived substance is known to cause chronic inflammatory disease and metabolic disease in children and adults. They used extracted LPS to stimulate cultured immune cells and quantifies the expression of several inflammationcausing factors. Interestingly, the study discovered that LPS isolated from stool samples of naturally born babies stimulates higher levels of inflammation-related substances secretion. On the other hand, LPS isolated from stool samples of babies delivered by Cesarean section had lower inflammatory effects. The results suggest that Cesarean section procedures divert the process of gut microbiome development to alternative pathways. This alteration might underlie the increase in the prevalence of chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases in developed countries. It seems that the mode of delivery might have lifelong influences on a newborn’s health. Adaptado de: <https://medicalnewsbulletin.com/c-section-babyimmune-system/> Acessado em 02 de março de 2020. 19. The link between an increase in certain diseases and vaginal birth decrease A) suggests a baby’s immune system may be affected by the choice of birth type. B) confirms that C-sections are far better in protecting babies from illnesses. C) shows that children born naturally get sick more often than other children. D) has been explained and now we know that C- sections should always prevail. E) does not qualify in order to justify the impairment in a baby’s immune system. 20. In natural births, babies get in touch with their mothers’ microorganisms, thus their immune system, as compared to C-section babies, should get A) weaker. B) frail. C) stronger. D) powerless. E) poorer. 21. In “It seems that the mode of delivery might have lifelong influences on a newborn’s health.” The modal verb MIGHT indicates a(n) A) certainty. B) obligation. C) prohibition. D) advice. E) possibility.

-1% 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 Source: Bureau of Labor Statitics via FRED Disponível em:< https://www.motherjones.com/kevindrum/2018/01/health-care-costs-are-under-control-but-the-industrystill-gets-its-1-trillion-bonus-every-year/> Acessado em 6 de março de 2020. 22. According to the chart above, we can assert that Medical Inflation Rate A) has remained level since 1957. B) had its highest figure in 2017. C) peaked at about 4% in 1987. D) had its lowest rate in 1982. E) never got any lower than 0%. Read the text below and answer the following 2 questions based on it

23. Drug delivery improvement A) could change the lives of cancer patients positively. B) can bring about significant relief for those who take pills. C) is void of importance for people who need to inject insulin. D) won’t produce any advantage in the case of prescribed drugs. E) should go through virtually no change in the near future. 24. The use of nanotechnology in drug delivery A) for cancer patients results in the destruction of bad cells alone. B) is still far from actually happening in real life situations. C) is inadequately efficient but very pleasant for most patients. D) should lower indiscriminate elimination of good cells in patients. E) has been researched for just one and only type of treatment. ESPANHOL Cientos de universitarios abandonan Madrid por el coronavirus Los estudiantes del colegio mayor universitario Loyola estaban el lunes en un partido contra otro colegio, el Moncloa, cuando se enteraron de que no iban a tener clase durante dos semanas. Ni ellos ni los más de 300.000 alumnos que cursan sus estudios en alguna de las seis universidades públicas y ocho privadas de Madrid. Se calcula que uno de cada cuatro de estos alumnos no es de Madrid. La noticia se recibió con alegría. “Nos pusimos súper felices, pensábamos que nos íbamos a quedar aquí, pero sin clases”, comentan este martes varios colegiales. La realidad llegó pocas horas después. A las diez de la noche, el director los reunió y les informó de que el Loyola, donde residen algo más de 200 estudiantes, cerraba desde este jueves. En la zona universitaria de Madrid, el Loyola es el único colegio que ha decidido echar el cierre tras el anuncio de la Comunidad de Madrid – donde los fallecidos ascienden a 31 personas y los contagiados, a 1.024 – de cesar las actividades educativas en la región. Después de saber que se quedaban sin lugar para vivir, sin “casa”, los colegiales del Loyola se pusieron a comprar billetes a sus respectivas ciudades con miedo a que se acabaran los transportes o se dispararan los precios. Solo lo compraron de ida: la información que han recibido es que el cierre se prolongará durante “mínimo dos semanas”, pero no han detallado la fecha de vuelta. Acostumbrados a vivir con amigos y sin padres, la vuelta a sus provincias la reciben como un giro dramático de los acontecimientos. El aburrimiento no es lo que más les preocupa sobre su marcha repentina, sino llevar el virus a sus casas, sobre todo a los que viven con personas mayores. “Quieren desalojar la Ciudad Universitaria en dos días. Es como decir a una parte importante de Madrid que se vaya por España a ver a sus abuelos”, continúa Marta Mazaira, estudiante de Derecho en la Universidad Carlos III. En Madrid, se han detectado casos de coronavirus en la Universidad Politécnica, en la Complutense, en la Autónoma y en la Francisco de Vitoria. También les inquieta que los profesores pongan los exámenes cancelados demasiado juntos cuando la universidad vuelva a la normalidad. De momento, ya saben que el curso se les alargará. Los rectores de las seis universidades públicas de Madrid acordaron el martes por la tarde que las clases durarán dos semanas más, se retrasarán los exámenes y que el plazo de matrícula se alargará 15 días. (elpais.com,11 de marzo de 2020)