Questão de Língua Inglesa

Texto CB1A6BBB Los robots ya no solo se dedican a construir coches o al embalaje de cajas, sino que han abandonado el terreno meramente industrial para adentrarse en campos que, hasta no hace demasiado, eran exclusivos de los humanos. Ya son capaces de pintar cuadros, de escribir libros y, en definitiva, de parecer cada vez menos un amasijo de cables limitado a tareas repetitivas. Y no solo por dentro, también por fuera, que hacen soñar con un futuro lleno de replicantes a lo Blade Runner. ¿El problema? Que son aterradores. Esta sensación ya fue explicada por Masahiro Mori en 1970 en lo que él mismo describe como “el valle inquietante”. A grandes rasgos, viene a decir que la afinidad de las personas con los robots va creciendo a medida que estos parecen cada vez más reales. Sin embargo, cuando llegan a cierto nivel de semejanza, la respuesta emocional positiva se convierte en negativa. Pasan de ser adorables autómatas a sobrecogedoras réplicas de seres vivos que en realidad no lo están. Cuando esto ocurre, se entraría en ese “valle” descrito por el investigador nipón. Aunque la teoría de Mori intenta explicar las implicaciones psicológicas de la interacción con robots creados a imagen y semejanza de los humanos, esta no termina de aportar suficientes evidencias científicas. Con respecto a eso, el profesor de psicología social Miguel García Saiz, de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, sostiene que “quizás sea un planteamiento teórico o, como mucho, posibles hipótesis a comprobar. Hay muchas variables implicadas que pueden hacer que reaccionemos de una manera u otra ante estos robots tan humanos”. Internet: <www.eldiario.es> (con adaptaciones). Juzgue los siguientes ítems, relativos a ideas y aspectos lingüísticos del texto CB1A6BBB. El término “Aunque” (R.19) puede sustituirse por la construcción concesiva A pesar de que, sin que ocurran cambios semánticos significativos. La sensación de que los robots son aterradores proviene de los rasgos psicológicos que ellos, al parecer más reales, comenzaron a tener. 8 Para el investigador Masahiro Mori, la simpatía de los humanos para con los robots aumenta cada vez más. 9 Las formas verbales “llegan” (R.14) y “Pasan” (R.16) remiten a “los robots” (R.13). El uso de “quizás” (R.24) indica duda o probabilidad. Text CB1A5AAA Cyber-cafés were once a favoured tool of Western intelligence and security agencies. They were inconspicuous, cheap to establish and highly effective. Set up near an international summit buzzing with targets, or close to a place where drug-dealers peddle their wares, these facilities allowed their masters to monitor browsing habits, obtain targets’ logins and passwords, and plant spyware for future use. This was legal: consent was buried in the terms and conditions which users clicked on without reading. And in a neat twist, security-conscious people trying to avoid using their own computers favoured such places. Some would hop between cafés, unaware that all the convenient oneswererunbytheauthorities. Not any more. Edward Snowden, a former contractor for America’s National Security Agency (NSA) now living in Moscow, revealed the use of cyber-cafés to spy on the G20 summit in London in 2009. Now people are wary. In many countries the cyber-cafés have been closed. The staff who ran them have had to be moved (and in some cases given costly new identities). The episode highlights one of the most important trends in modern intelligence work. Collecting electronic information is generally getting easier. It is hard to lead a completely non-digital life, and any activity using computers and networks creates openings for the watchers. An e-mail is as easy to read as a postcard for anyone with modest technical skills. With a few tweaks, mobile phones become tracking beacons and bugging devices. Most people readily trade private information for convenience. And hacking into computers can yield vast amounts of intelligence. A lot of spying, however, has become trickier. It is much more difficult for intelligence officers to maintain secrecy and create fake identities. And high expectations of privacy, especially in the digital realm, mean that in many countries the work of intelligence and security agencies arouses outrage, not gratitude. Intelligence and democracy — a new age of espionage. In: The Economist, 30/7/2015 (adapted). Based on text CB1A5AAA, judge the following items.

Text CB1A5BBB 1 Western intelligence agencies used to inhabit a parallel world where spy battled spy. Their trade was stealing or guarding secrets. Their masters were the men and women in 4 government. Today the intelligence services are part of everyone’s world. Their main task has been to protect society from terrorists and criminals. They are increasingly held to 7 account in the press, parliaments and courts. The intelligence revolution is partly the result of new technology. As recently as 1999, on becoming director of the 10 American National Security Agency (NSA), Michael Hayden asked to send an e-mail to all staff. He was told: “We can’t actually do that.” The organization used computers to break 13 codes rather than to surf the web as everyone else did. The NSA’s new facility in Utah, the first of several, now stores exabytes of data drawn from everyday communications. At Britain’s GCHQ, most code-breaking was done on paper 16 until well into the 1980s. The revolution has brought spying closer to ordinary people. After the attacks on America on September 11th 2001, 19 counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency became the focus for the American intelligence agencies. Almost two-thirds of 22 today’s intelligence personnel have been hired since 9/11. As the world has moved online, so the spooks have become involved in monitoring organized crime and paedophiles as 25 well as terrorists. In a not very remote past, spies sent coded messages using short-wave radios and dead letter boxes. Now the communications of the spooks’ new targets are mixed in with 28 everyone else’s, shuttling between computers and smartphones that are identical to those on your desk and in your pocket. 31 Counter-terrorism, in particular, is pre-emptive. Hence the security services have had to act as hunters of conspiracies rather than gatherers of evidence. Western intelligence — Shaken and stirred. In: The Economist, 12/11/2016 (adapted). Based on text CB1A5BBB, judge the following items.